Direct and Inderect speech

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
A. Direct Speech
Direct speech referd to reproducing another person’s exact words o saying exactly what someone had said (sometimes called quated speech)
Here what a person says appers within quatation marks (‘’...’’) and should be word for word.

B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech resroducing the idea of anather person’s word doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word foe word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.

Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.

Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.

Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton.

Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.

Descriptive text

Definition and purpose of Descriptive Text 

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. The purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below :
Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description : describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or characteristics.

We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to: •
• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

News item

NEWS ITEM
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure of news item :
1. Newsworthy events
2. Backround events
3. Source
The text above is anews item in written form. It’s purpose is to inform the readers about event of the day which are considered newswort or important. The structure of this text type is :
1. Newsworthy event(s) : recont(s) the event(s) in a summary form.
2. Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
3. Source : comments by participant, in witness to and autorities expert on the event.
Language feature of news item
1. Using action verbs
2. Using saying verbs
3. Using passive sentence

• There are some rules that an help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
• The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of ‘’be’’.
• It is unusual to find complex fprms, generally the simple prent form id used.
• The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
• To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Headlines are not alwasy complete sentences.

Finite verbs

Finite verb

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.

• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went

• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking

Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.

Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle

For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

Noun Phrase

Noun phrases
Nouns in English are traditionally described as naming "persons, places, things, and ideas." Pronouns are a subcategory of nouns. Noun phrases are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, complements, or determiners including adjectives, determiners, prepositional phrases, noun clauses, and verb phrases.
A noun phrase most commonly functions as a subject, object, or complement.
Examples:
- My coach is happy.
- I like the cars over there.
- The woman who lives there is my aunt.
- Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
- I consider Meong my favorite cat.
- Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
- To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
- Two of my guests have arrived.
- Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
- My friend works with her father.
Nouns and noun phrases perform ten grammatical functions in the English language. The ten functions are:
1. Subject
2. Subject complement
3. Direct object
4. Object complement
5. Indirect object
6. Prepositional complement
7. Noun phrase modifier
8. Determinative
9. Appositive
10. Adverbial

From a functional point of view, the noun phrase has four major components, occurring in a fixed order:
 the determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its linguistic or situational context.
 premodification, which comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
 the head, around which the other constituents cluster.
 postmodification, those which comprise all the modifying constituents placed after the head.

Structures of Noun phrase :
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
1. NOUN PHRASE : pre – modifiers + noun
a). White house ; here white is a pre-modifier and house is a noun.
b). The three old Democratic legislators ; here the three old Democratic is pre-modifier and legislators is a noun.
2. NOUN PHRASE : noun + post-modifiers. (The most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases).
a). The glass on the table ; here on the table is the post-modifier.
b). The boy in the store ; here in the store is the post-modifier.
3. NOUN PHRASE : pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier.
a). The boys on top of the house are ...... here The is the pre-modifier, boys is the noun, on top of the house is the post-modifier.
b). The children in the garden ; here The is the pre-modifier, children is the noun, in the garden is the post-modifier

Simple Future

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will happened in the future. Simple future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to”.

Positive (+)
a) S + shall/will + V1
Example:
• I shall write a novel.
• They will play badminton.
• I will go to the market.

b) S + be + going + to + V1
Example:
• I am going to write a novel.
• They are going to play badminton.
• Dheppy is give a present to me.

Negative (-)
c) S + shall/will + not +V1 + O
Example:
• I shan’t write a novel.
• She won’t clean the room.
• You will not help him later.
• I will not take a nap soon.

d) S + to be + not + going to + V1 + O
Example:
• I am not going to party.
• He is not going to visit his grandparents next month.
• We are not going to clean the classroom.
Interrogative
e) Will + S + V1 + O
Example:
• Will you arrive on time?
• Will they want dinner?
• Will he swim very fast?

f) To be + S + going to + V1
Example:
• Am I going to visit my aunt?
• Are you buying a shirt?
• Is he going to write a novel?

Use of simple Future
1. Use “will” to express a voluntary action
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?

2. Use “will” to express a promise
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• I won’t tell anyone your secret.
 

3. Use “be going to” to express a plan
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Bandung.
• I’m going to be an actress when I grow up.
• She is not going o spend her holiday in Jakarta.

4. Use “will” or “be going to” to express a prediction
Examples:
• The year 2212 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2212 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Tukul Arwana will be the next president.

Offering

Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.

2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.

3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.

4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.

Offering may refer to:

* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933



Offering to older people:
• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad ?
Offering to friends:
• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Accepting an offer:
• Thank you
• Yes, please
• I’d like it very much
• Thank you, I would
• That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t. Thank you.
• Not for me, thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

* Ways to say it

* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Rifky?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Egar?
* Would you care some salad?
* Less formal expressions:

* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?