Narrative text

NARRATIVE  TEXT

The generic structures of the text:

Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions; Who, What, When and Where)

Complication: A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main characters.

Resolution: A solution to the problem (for better or worse). Main characters find a way to solve the problem.

NARRATIVE  TEXT

Other generic structures of the text:

Evaluation: (optional) a step back to evaluate the plight (the narrator’s viewpoint)

Coda: (optional)Changes of the characters or lesson/value of the story

Re-orientation: (optional)

Ciri kebahasaan/language features:

•Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang dalam cerita, e.g. stepsisters, housework, etc.

•Adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase, e.g. long black hair, two red apples, etc.

•Time connectives dan conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian, e.g. and, then, before that, etc.

•Actions verbs dalam past tense, e.g. stayed.

•Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan, seperti: said, told, dan thinking verbs yang menandai pikiran dan perasaan tokoh, seperti: thought, felt, etc

Procedure text

The Definition Of Procedure Text

         Procedure text  is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

The generic structures of procedure text are  :

1. Goal/aim ( or title)

2. Materials (not required for all procedural texts)

3. Steps (the actions that must be taken)

Past Tense

Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple

•Simple Past Tense is a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in  the past

The pattern   : 

(+) Subject + verb II + complement

 (-)  Subject + did not + verb II +   complement

(?)  Did + subject + verb I

past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling

The examples :

(+)  I went to Tangkiling yesterday

(-)  I did not go anywhere last night

(?) Did you go last week?

Adverbs used : yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, a few  minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.

•Past Continuous Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past

The pattern :  

(+) Subject + was/were +verb-ing+ complement

(-)  Subject + was not/were not+verb-ing+ complement

(?)  was/were+ subject + verb-ing+complement

The examples :

(+) He was writing a letter at eight  o’clock last night

(-) He was not writing a letter at seven o’clock last night

(?)  Were you writing a letter at eight last night?

 Adverbs used : at the time like this yesterday, at seven o’clock  last   night, etc.

Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished  till  certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened

The pattern :

 (+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement

 (-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement

 (?) Had + subject +verb III+complement

Examples:

(+) We had eaten before they came

(-) They had not eaten before we came

(?) Had they eaten before we came?

Present Tense

The simple present is used:

•to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)

•to give instructions or directions:
You walk  for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

•to express fixed arrangements,

Examples:

•For habits
He drinks  tea at breakfast.
She only eats  fish.

•For repeated actions or events
We catch  the bus every morning.
It rains  every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive  to Monaco every summer.

•For general truths
The Earth revolves around the Sun.

•For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour  the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

•For  fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March

Greetings

How do you greet other people?

–Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening

–Hello, Ewo

–Hello, Agnes

–How are you?

–How’s everything with you?

–How’s life ?

–How are you getting along ?

–How are you doing ?

–Fine, thanks

–Pretty good, thanks

–I’m well, thanks

–Not bad, thanks. And you?

Vocabs : shapes, part of body

SHAPES

Simple Straight sided shapes
Rectangle
Square
Triangle
Simple Rounded shapes
Circle
Oval
3D shapes
Cone
Cube
Cylinder
Pyramid
Sphere
Mathematical shapes
Parallelogram
Pentagon - 5 sides
Octagon - 8 sides
Miscellaneous shapes
Diamond
Heart
Part of Body

The Body = Tubuh
1.Hair = Rambut
2.Head = Kepala
3.Neck = Leher
4.Throat = Tenggorokan
5.Shoulder = Bahu
6.Chest = Dada
7.Back = Punggung
8.Waist = Pinggung
9.Stomach = Perut
10.Hip = Pinggul
11.Bottom = Pantat
12.Armpit = Ketiak
13.Arm = Lengan
14.Upper arm = Lengan Atas
15.Elbow = Siku
16.Forearm = Lengan Bawah
17.Wrist = Pergelangan Tangan
18.Fist = Kepalan Tangan
19.Hand = Tanagn
20.Palm = Tapak Tangan
21.Thumb = Ibu Jari
22.Finger = Jari Tangan
23.Nail = Kuku
24.Leg = Kaki
25.Thigh = Paha
26.Knee = Lutut
27.Calf = Betis
28.Ankle = Pergelangan Kaki
29.Foot = Kaki
30.Heel = Tumit
31.Instep = Kura-Kura Kaki
32.Sole = Tapak Kaki
33.Toes = Jari Kaki

THE INSIDES = ORGAN DALAM
1.Brain = Otak
2.Windpipe = Batang Tenggorokan
3.Heart = Jantung
4.Lung = Paru-Paru
5.Liver = Hati
6.Kidney = Ginjal
7.Intestines = Usus
8.Bladder = Kandung Kemis
9.Vein = Pembuluh Balik
10.Artery = Pembuluh Nadi
11.Muscle = Otot

THE EYE = MATA
1.Eyeball = Bola Mata
2.Eyebrow = Alis Mata
3.Eyelid = Kelopak Mata
4.Eyelashes = Bulu Mata
5.Pupil = Manik Mata
6.Iris = Selaput Pelangi

The Face = Wajah
1.Eye = Mata
2.Noise = Hidung
3.Ear = Telinga
4.Mouth = Mulut
5.Cheek = Pipi
6.Chin = Dagu
7.Temple = Pelipis
8.Forehead/Brow = Dahi/Kenig
9.Jaw = Rahang
10.Moustache = Kumis
11.Beard = Janggut
12.Tooth = Gigi
13.Lip = Bibir
14.Tongue = Lidah

Perfect Tense

Definition  :

To experience an action or event that occurred in the past  and still has something to do with it now or to show an event completed in a short time.

Positive        :
S + have /has + verb III + complement

Example  :

ž     She has gone to market from 8 am :

Negative    :

S + have/has + not + verb III + …….

for make a negative sentence,after have/has added NOT

 

example   :

She has not gone to market from 8 am

S + have/has + not + verb III + …….

 for make a negative sentence,after have/has added not.

Advertisement

Advertising is a communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them. Many advertisements are also designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of brand image and brand loyalty. For these purposes advertisements often contain both factual information and persuasive messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company

Function of advertisement :

•Promotion

•Communication

•Information

•

  In making an advertisement keep the following points

1. Language of advertisement :

•Using the correct or suitable words.

•Using the interesting and suggestive expression.

•Using positive expression

•Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.

2. Content of advertisement :

Objective and honest

Brief and clear

Not mocking to group or other producer.

invitation

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

 

  There are two types of invitation.

  FORMAL INVITATION

      Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies, and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

  FORMAL INVITATION

      Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

This  time we only discuss about Verbal Invitation

  Extending (mengundang)

  for example:

• I would like to invite you to come to my house

•Would you like to come to my restaurant?

•How would you like to go  camping with us next month?

•If you are not busy, please try to come to my office

•Are you free this evening?

•Let’s go to the Jazz Festival!

•Can you come?

•Please try to come

•We hope you’ll join us

•If you don’t have any other plans, would you come to the café?

 

Prepositional Phrase