News item

NEWS ITEM
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure of news item :
1. Newsworthy events
2. Backround events
3. Source
The text above is anews item in written form. It’s purpose is to inform the readers about event of the day which are considered newswort or important. The structure of this text type is :
1. Newsworthy event(s) : recont(s) the event(s) in a summary form.
2. Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
3. Source : comments by participant, in witness to and autorities expert on the event.
Language feature of news item
1. Using action verbs
2. Using saying verbs
3. Using passive sentence

• There are some rules that an help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
• The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of ‘’be’’.
• It is unusual to find complex fprms, generally the simple prent form id used.
• The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
• To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Headlines are not alwasy complete sentences.

Finite verbs

Finite verb

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.

• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went

• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.
Example of finite verb :
• I study, she cook, Anto went
• Sidy has eaten when Rini come in. By it self, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb. When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking

Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.

Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle

For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

Noun Phrase

Noun phrases
Nouns in English are traditionally described as naming "persons, places, things, and ideas." Pronouns are a subcategory of nouns. Noun phrases are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, complements, or determiners including adjectives, determiners, prepositional phrases, noun clauses, and verb phrases.
A noun phrase most commonly functions as a subject, object, or complement.
Examples:
- My coach is happy.
- I like the cars over there.
- The woman who lives there is my aunt.
- Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
- I consider Meong my favorite cat.
- Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
- To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
- Two of my guests have arrived.
- Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
- My friend works with her father.
Nouns and noun phrases perform ten grammatical functions in the English language. The ten functions are:
1. Subject
2. Subject complement
3. Direct object
4. Object complement
5. Indirect object
6. Prepositional complement
7. Noun phrase modifier
8. Determinative
9. Appositive
10. Adverbial

From a functional point of view, the noun phrase has four major components, occurring in a fixed order:
 the determinative, that constituent which determines the reference of the noun phrase in its linguistic or situational context.
 premodification, which comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.
 the head, around which the other constituents cluster.
 postmodification, those which comprise all the modifying constituents placed after the head.

Structures of Noun phrase :
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
1. NOUN PHRASE : pre – modifiers + noun
a). White house ; here white is a pre-modifier and house is a noun.
b). The three old Democratic legislators ; here the three old Democratic is pre-modifier and legislators is a noun.
2. NOUN PHRASE : noun + post-modifiers. (The most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases).
a). The glass on the table ; here on the table is the post-modifier.
b). The boy in the store ; here in the store is the post-modifier.
3. NOUN PHRASE : pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier.
a). The boys on top of the house are ...... here The is the pre-modifier, boys is the noun, on top of the house is the post-modifier.
b). The children in the garden ; here The is the pre-modifier, children is the noun, in the garden is the post-modifier

Simple Future

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will happened in the future. Simple future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to”.

Positive (+)
a) S + shall/will + V1
Example:
• I shall write a novel.
• They will play badminton.
• I will go to the market.

b) S + be + going + to + V1
Example:
• I am going to write a novel.
• They are going to play badminton.
• Dheppy is give a present to me.

Negative (-)
c) S + shall/will + not +V1 + O
Example:
• I shan’t write a novel.
• She won’t clean the room.
• You will not help him later.
• I will not take a nap soon.

d) S + to be + not + going to + V1 + O
Example:
• I am not going to party.
• He is not going to visit his grandparents next month.
• We are not going to clean the classroom.
Interrogative
e) Will + S + V1 + O
Example:
• Will you arrive on time?
• Will they want dinner?
• Will he swim very fast?

f) To be + S + going to + V1
Example:
• Am I going to visit my aunt?
• Are you buying a shirt?
• Is he going to write a novel?

Use of simple Future
1. Use “will” to express a voluntary action
Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?

2. Use “will” to express a promise
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• I won’t tell anyone your secret.
 

3. Use “be going to” to express a plan
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Bandung.
• I’m going to be an actress when I grow up.
• She is not going o spend her holiday in Jakarta.

4. Use “will” or “be going to” to express a prediction
Examples:
• The year 2212 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2212 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Tukul Arwana will be the next president.

Offering

Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.

2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.

3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.

4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.

Offering may refer to:

* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933



Offering to older people:
• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad ?
Offering to friends:
• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Accepting an offer:
• Thank you
• Yes, please
• I’d like it very much
• Thank you, I would
• That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t. Thank you.
• Not for me, thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

* Ways to say it

* * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Rifky?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Egar?
* Would you care some salad?
* Less formal expressions:

* * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Asking if someone remembers or not

Asking if someone remembers or not

ini nih materi yang bertanya pada seseorang apakah dia ingat sesuatu tentang yang kita tanyakan. Example :
a :Do you remember where you put my scissors ?

Asking if someone remembers or not
1. Formal expressions:
- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?
• Ways to respond:http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=8250020700536643501
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.

2. Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t remember
• Ways to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.
• Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m afraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Tia : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Tia : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day !

Passive Voice

guys, what do you when read a senteces like this ?
rigth, this is passive voice, yang mana kalimat ini menunjukkan keterangan pekerjaan  yang sudah kita lakukan pada masa lampau, kembali lagi pada penggunaan past tense,  dan saat menggunakannya passive voice jangan lupa untuk mengubah kata kerja pertama/Verb 1 -> kata kerja ke 3/Verb 3. Karena  itu adalah ciri dari passive voice.

There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. The active tells us what the subject does, for example: The secretary wrote a letter. The passive tell us what is done to the subject, for example: The letter was written by the secretary.
Definition of passive voice:
A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not grammatical subject of the sentence.
The generic structure:
• Active: S + V active + O
• Passive: O + to be + V3 + by + S

Active to passive voice
Simple Present
Noun + is/am/are + V3
Active: she is write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.

Present continuous
Noun + is/am/are + being + V3
Active: I am buying a motorcycle.
Passive: A motorcycle is being bought by me. Simple Past
Noun + was/were + V3
Active: The police released the hostages.
Passive: The hostages were released by the police.

Past Continuous
Noun + was/were + being +V3
Active: The officer was investigating the case.
Passive: The case was being investigated by the officer.

Simple Future
Noun + shall/will + be +V3
Active: The judges will issue a verdict against the accused.
Passive: A verdict against the accused will be issued by the judges.

Past Future
Noun + should/would + be +V3
Active: The investigator would hand in the file.
Passive: The file would be handed in by the investigator.

Simple Present Perfect
Noun + has/have + been + V3
Active: A local resident has uncovered an ancient boat.
Passive: An ancient boat has been uncovered by a local resident.

Past Perfect
Noun + had + been + V3
Active: We had found your watch.
Passive: Your watch had been found by us.

Simple Future Perfect
Noun + shall/will + have + been + V3
Active: The witness shall have shown the evidence.
Passive: The evidence will have been shown by the witness.

Past Future Perfect
Noun + should/would + have + been + V3
Active: The major should have been invited by the president.
Passive: The president should have been invited by the major.

Modals
Noun + must/shall/will/have to/has to + be + V3
Active: Sugiarto must report his attendance to the police once a week.
Passive: His attendance must be reported by Sugiarto to the police once a week.

If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
—Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
—Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
Use of passive
Passive voice is use when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite then active voice, as the following example shows: A mistake was made.
In this case, the focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone.

When we rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
• The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped).
• Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form.
• The two forms should have the same tenses.

How about the negative and interrogative
Take a look at the followings:
• People don’t use bikes anymore.
• Bikes are not used anymore.
• Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
• Were the cards played in the class yesterday?

Preposition in, on and at

1.Prepositions: In, On, and At
We use:
• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

at in on
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

2.Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:

Preposition Time Place
In Year, Month,
In 1999, In December Country, State, City
In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei
On Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 1 Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At Time
At 8:00, At 7:30 Address
At 815 East Main Street

In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place.
Examples:

A: Where's your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It's on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.

C: When is the wedding?
D: It's in June.
C: What day?
D: It's on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.

Prepositions with articles and locations

When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
at the swimming pool (on site) in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general) in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors, general area) in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school in the classroom
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:
"practice"/situation building
in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.) in the school (building)
in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal) in the jail/prison (temporary)
in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.) in the church (building)
Where's Dad?
in church (attending services) in the church (fixing the windows)
at church at the church
in prison (He committed a crime.) at the prison (visiting his friend)

Note :When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

For Practice: See At-On-In Used in Time and Dates (from The Internet TESL Journal)
Prepositions: At, In and On (from The Internet TESL Journal)

Appointment

Making an Appointment

¢I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian

¡I want to make an appointment to see…..

¡I’d like you to come and see

¡Can I come and see you?

—I’ll be there

—What about….(thank you

Accepting an Appointment

—All right, see you there

—No problem, I’m free on….(Thursday)

—Be there on time

—I’ll wait for you

—It’s a deal 

Canceling an Appointment

žI’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment

žI’m sorry, I’m very busy

žI’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with….(Dr. Stephen Tong) tomorrow morning  

Changing an Appointment
 What about …..(Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)

žIs that ok, if we meet at…..

žWell, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!

žCould we change the schedule of the meeting?

žDo you have another time this afternoon

Hapiness Expressions

Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings

What would you say to express your happiness?

ÒI’m happy……

ÒI’m (very)pleased / (really) delighted (about)….

ÒI can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it

ÒI am so glad to hear that

ÒGreat!

ÒTerrific!

ÒFantastic!

Gaining Attention

—Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain situation :

  Miss Agnes Hansella  :  You know what? Ewo   has lost his wallet.

  Noveni Irawati  :  Oh, I’m sorry to hear   that

The example expressions of gaining attention :

—Attention, please

—May I have your attention, please?

—Excuse me, look here!

—Listening to me, please

—Waiter?

—I’m sorry, but…

—Wow really?

Sympathy Expressions

—The definition of sympathy expression:

  Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

—How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

  We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

—Several expressions of sympathy :

—I’d like to express my deepest condolences

—I’m sorry to hear that

—I’m awfully sorry about…

—Oh, how awful!

—Oh, dear!

—You must be very upset

—Oh, what a shame

—How pity you are!

—How terrible / awful for you

—Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain situation :

  Miss Agnes Hansella  :  You know what? Ewo   has lost his wallet.

  Noveni Irawati  :  Oh, I’m sorry to hear   that

Giving Instructions

Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

—The example expressions of giving instruction :

¡Open your book!

¡Close the door, please!

¡Be quiet, please!

¡Move the chair!

¡Open the window!

¡Pass me the sugar, please!

¡Stand up, please!

Note : The tense used in giving instruction is   “simple present”

Announcement

The definition of announcement

¨Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

  In writing an announcement, keep the following points

¨the title/type of event,

¨Date/time, place and

contact person

The example of an announcement : 

COMMITTEE

SCHOOL TRIP TO GOLDEN SANDS BEACH

 

On 28th of August, the school will hold a school trip to Golden Sands Beach.

  Departure time  :  07:30 a.m.

  Programs  :  Morning swimming, games, volley ball; lunch in the sea view   restaurant.

  Afternoon walk along the beach to the lagoon;

  watch the boat festival.

  Fee  :  Rp50,000.00

Contact person  :  Oghy, Nurul, Diesta

  Chair person

 

  Ewo Jatmiko

Recount text

The Definition Of Recount Text

Recount text  is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are  :

—Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)

—Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)

—Re-orientation  (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident

The significant Lexicogrammatical features :

◦Use of simple past tense

◦Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

◦Use of personal pronoun (I, we)